The capital of Kazakhstan is Astana, which was formerly known as Akmolinsk, Tselinograd, Akmolinsk, and most recently as Akorda, before it was renamed Astana in 1998. In 2019, the city was renamed Nur-Sultan in honor of Kazakhstan's first President, Nursultan Nazarbayev, though many still refer to it as Astana. Strategically located in the north-central part of the country, Astana serves as the political, economic, and cultural heart of Kazakhstan.
Astana was designated as the capital of Kazakhstan in 1997, replacing Almaty, which remains the largest city in the country. The decision aimed to promote growth in the northern regions and to enhance the national identity, as part of a broader initiative to consolidate the country’s administration and improve infrastructure. Astana's selection faced criticism initially due to its cold climate, with winter temperatures often plummeting below -30 degrees Celsius. Nevertheless, its geographical position in the heart of Central Asia makes it a vital transportation hub connecting Europe and Asia.
The city is renowned for its futuristic architecture and urban planning. After its designation as the capital, Astana underwent a massive transformation with a vision to create a modern metropolis. Notable structures include the Bayterek Tower, which symbolizes a poplar tree holding a golden egg, and the Khan Shatyr, a giant transparent tent that houses a shopping and entertainment center. The city also features the Palace of Peace and Reconciliation, a pyramid-shaped building designed to promote religious tolerance and interfaith dialogue. Astana is home to several international organizations, including the Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions, emphasizing its role as a center for diplomacy.
In addition to its modern amenities and stunning architecture, Astana hosts several major events, including the Astana Economic Forum and the annual Eurasian Media Forum. The city's urban landscape is complemented by its parks and green spaces, such as the Central Park and the Expo 2017 area, which was built for the International Specialized Exhibition focusing on future energy. Astana’s rich blend of cultures, with influences from Russian, Kazakh, and other ethnic groups, contributes to a vibrant cultural scene, with numerous theaters, museums, and galleries.
Overall, Astana represents not only the capital city of Kazakhstan but also a symbol of the country's aspirations for modernization and development. Its dynamic growth and unique identity make it an essential destination in Central Asia and a focal point for understanding modern Kazakhstan's trajectory.