The technique of painting on freshly applied plaster is known as fresco. This ancient art form has roots in antiquity and has been widely used throughout history, particularly during the Renaissance period. Fresco involves the application of water-based pigments onto freshly laid wet plaster.
The word "fresco" comes from the Italian word "affresco," which literally means "fresh." The technique requires artists to work quickly since the plaster dries relatively fast, dictating the pace and urgency of the painting process. If executed correctly, the resulting artwork becomes an integral part of the wall, as the pigments bond with the plaster as it dries, creating a durable and vibrant image that can last for centuries.
There are two primary methods of fresco painting: buon fresco (true fresco) and fresco secco (dry fresco). Buon fresco is the technique where pigments mixed with water are applied directly onto wet plaster, allowing the colors to penetrate the plaster as it dries. This method is prized for its durability and color richness. On the contrary, fresco secco involves painting on dry plaster, using a less permanent approach. The pigments are more likely to flake off from the dry surface, making this technique less durable but sometimes easier for artists to correct mistakes.
The fresco technique was famously utilized by many renowned artists, including Michelangelo, who painted the Sistine Chapel's ceiling in Rome using this method. The portrayal of chiaroscuro, perspective, and dynamic figures in these compositions shows the mastery of the fresco technique. Because of the elaborate nature of fresco painting, only experienced artists typically engage in this demanding and highly skilled craft.
Frescoes are often notable for their large-scale murals found in churches, palaces, and public buildings. They serve not only as decorative art but also as historical documentation, conveying narratives and cultural values of the time. As such, fresco painting has become a vital form of expression, capturing the imagination of viewers for generations.