The second largest island in the world is indeed New Guinea, following Greenland, which holds the title of the largest. Covering an area of approximately 785,753 square kilometers, New Guinea is located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, divided politically between two countries: the western half is part of Indonesia, while the eastern half is known as Papua New Guinea (PNG).
This island boasts a rich biodiversity and unique ecosystems, featuring an array of habitats that range from coastal mangroves and tropical rainforests to mountain ranges and alpine areas. New Guinea is home to some of the world's most diverse flora and fauna, including many species that are endemic to the island. For instance, the bird of paradise, renowned for its astounding plumage and elaborate courtship rituals, can be found only in this region.
Geographically, New Guinea is characterized by its mountainous terrain, with the Central Range running down the spine of the island, home to the highest peak, Puncak Jaya, which rises to 4,884 meters (16,024 feet) above sea level. The island's rugged landscape has contributed to the isolation of its various indigenous tribes, each with unique languages and cultures, making it one of the most culturally diverse places on Earth.
New Guinea's discovery dates back to the early 16th century, when Spanish explorer Yñigo Ortiz de Retez first encountered the island in 1545. The island became more widely known to Europeans in the 18th century, particularly after the voyages of explorers like James Cook. Since then, it has witnessed a complex history of colonialism and conflict, with different parts of the island being claimed by various nations over time.
The economy of Papua New Guinea is primarily based on agriculture and resource extraction, with significant exports in minerals like copper and gold, as well as palm oil and coffee. Despite its wealth in natural resources, many regions of New Guinea face challenges such as poverty, lack of infrastructure, and ongoing environmental issues like deforestation.
In terms of conservation, New Guinea is critical for global biodiversity and plays a pivotal role in the health of the planet’s ecosystems. Various organizations are engaged in preservation efforts, recognizing that the island's unique natural heritage must be protected for future generations.