World War I, also known as the Great War, officially began on July 28, 1914, and lasted until November 11, 1918. This pivotal conflict reshaped the political landscape of Europe and had long-lasting impacts around the world. The war arose from a complex web of alliances and enmities among the major European powers, including the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the German Empire, the Ottoman Empire, France, Russia, and the United Kingdom. Tensions were particularly heightened following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914, which is often cited as the immediate catalyst for the war.
The assassination set off a series of events that escalated into full-blown conflict. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, leading Russia to mobilize in defense of Serbia. Germany then declared war on Russia, and shortly thereafter on Russia's ally, France. The United Kingdom entered the war in response to Germany's invasion of Belgium. This triggered an extensive and devastating conflict that saw trench warfare become a horrific hallmark of the Western Front.
By the end of the war, empires had collapsed, borders had shifted, and millions had lost their lives. The war resulted in approximately 16 million deaths and 21 million wounded. The Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1919, formally ending the war and imposing heavy reparations on Germany. This treaty is often blamed for the economic conditions that led to World War II. Furthermore, the war led to significant political changes, including revolutions in many of the countries involved. Significant social changes also occurred, including advancements in women's rights as women took on roles traditionally held by men who were serving in the military.
World War I also had profound cultural effects, giving rise to modernist art and literature. The sheer scale and brutality of the conflict forced society to confront themes of disillusionment, loss, and the futility of war, which were reflected in the works of many writers and artists of the time. It was indeed a war that not only redefined national borders but also transformed societies and set the stage for the tumultuous events of the 20th century.